Luenen
General information: First Jewish presence: mid-17th century; peak Jewish population: 140 in 1933 (see below); Jewish population in 1933: 140
Summary: The earliest record of a Jewish presence in Luenen is from
the mid-17th century. In 1660, two Jewish families were
registered there. Until the early 19th century, those Jews who
lived in Luenen were “protected Jews,” namely, a limited number of Jews who had received letters of protection from
the local authorities. The French occupation forces lifted
this restriction in the 18th century, after which the Jewish
population experienced considerable growth.
In 1811, the community inaugurated a synagogue at 30,
Kirchstrasse, near a Protestant church and the city hall; one
of the synagogue’s rooms accommodated the Jewish school,
which was recognized as a public school in 1908 but was
closed down in 1933. Other communal institutions included
a cemetery, consecrated on presentday
Muensterstrasse in the late 1600s.
We also know that this affluent Jewish
community was able to hire permanent
teachers for the Jewish school, among
them Herz Horn, who held the post from
1822 until 1873.
On the eve of the Nazis’ rise to power,
Jewish life was flourishing in Luenen.
According to records, the community
planned to build a new synagogue and
school, on Wilhelmstrasse, in 1930.
By 1938, 24 Jewish-owned businesses
had been liquidated, as a result of which
most of the owners emigrated from
Germany; in 1939, two Jewish-owned
businesses, Luenen’s last, were closed
down.
On Pogrom Night, local Nazis celebrated
the 15th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch
by ravaging Luenen’s streets, after which
they shot two Jews (killing both), drowned
another and fatally injured yet another. The
synagogue was destroyed; its contents were
set on fire in the market square; the rioters
did, not, however, succeed in burning down
the building. Jewish homes were broken
into and destroyed that night, their owners
brutally beaten.
More than 91 local Jews emigrated
from Germany after the pogrom. The
municipality bought the synagogue
building on March 6, 1939. The cemetery
was leveled that same year.
By September 1939, the remaining
Jews had been moved into two designated
“Jews’ houses,” from which they were deported in 1942. According to Yad Vashem, 43 Luenen
Jews were killed during the Shoah.
Luenen is no longer home to a Jewish community. A
memorial plate, unveiled in 1978, commemorates the former
synagogue building, which was destroyed during an Allied
bombing raid in 1944.
Photo: The synagogue caretaker and his wife in front of the building in which the synagogue was located, in 1926. Courtesy of: City Archive of Luenen.
Author / Sources: Benjamin Rosendahl
Sources: EJL, LJG, SG-NRW, YV
Sources: EJL, LJG, SG-NRW, YV
Located in: north-rhine-westphalia